Research & Sources

The science behind your Stack.

Every recommendation we make is grounded in peer-reviewed research. Here are the studies, data, and clinical findings that inform our AI.

Key Findings

40%

of American adults are vitamin D deficient

Forrest & Stuhldreher, 2011

50%

of Americans don't get enough magnesium

DiNicolantonio et al., 2018

15:1

omega-6 to omega-3 ratio in Western diets (optimal is 2:1)

Simopoulos, 2002

25%

reduction in cardiovascular events from high-dose EPA

REDUCE-IT trial, Bhatt et al., 2019

0%

significant mortality benefit from generic multivitamins

USPSTF meta-analysis, 2022

Cited Research

30 peer-reviewed studies across 5 articles.

  1. 1

    Multivitamin supplementation and mortality risk: meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials

    View on PubMed →
  2. 2

    US dietary supplement market size and consumer trends

    View on PubMed →
  3. 3

    International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation

    View on PubMed →
  4. 4

    Sex-specific nutritional requirements and dietary supplement use

    View on PubMed →
  5. 5

    Vitamin D deficiency prevalence by latitude and seasonal variation

    View on PubMed →
  6. 6

    Calcium supplementation and cardiovascular risk: role of vitamin K2

    View on PubMed →
  1. 1

    Subclinical magnesium deficiency: a principal driver of cardiovascular disease

    View on PubMed →
  2. 2

    The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly

    View on PubMed →
  3. 3

    Magnesium and exercise performance: muscle cramps and electrolyte losses

    View on PubMed →
  4. 4

    The role of magnesium in neurological disorders and anxiety

    View on PubMed →
  5. 5

    Magnesium in migraine prophylaxis: clinical evidence and recommendations

    View on PubMed →
  6. 6

    Bioavailability of magnesium supplement forms: oxide vs citrate vs glycinate

    View on PubMed →
  1. 1

    Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adults

    View on PubMed →
  2. 2

    Vitamin D: the sunshine vitamin and optimal serum levels

    View on PubMed →
  3. 3

    Aging and vitamin D synthesis: reduced skin production in elderly

    View on PubMed →
  4. 4

    Vitamin D deficiency and sleep quality in older adults

    View on PubMed →
  5. 5

    Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review

    View on PubMed →
  6. 6

    Vitamin K2 and calcium metabolism: synergy with vitamin D3

    View on PubMed →
  1. 1

    Physicians’ Health Study II: multivitamins in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease

    View on PubMed →
  2. 2

    Women’s Health Initiative: multivitamin-mineral supplement use and chronic disease outcomes

    View on PubMed →
  3. 3

    Personalized nutrition and dietary supplement use: evidence and recommendations

    View on PubMed →
  4. 4

    Nutritional deficiency risk in vegetarian and vegan diets: systematic review

    View on PubMed →
  5. 5

    Exercise-induced micronutrient demands: implications for supplementation

    View on PubMed →
  6. 6

    Individual variation in micronutrient requirements: vitamin D, magnesium, and iron

    View on PubMed →
  1. 1

    The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in health and disease

    View on PubMed →
  2. 2

    EPA supplementation and depression: systematic review and meta-analysis

    View on PubMed →
  3. 3

    DHA and brain aging: role of docosahexaenoic acid in cognitive decline

    View on PubMed →
  4. 4

    Conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA in humans: quantitative review

    View on PubMed →
  5. 5

    REDUCE-IT trial: cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl

    View on PubMed →
  6. 6

    Oxidative quality of fish oil supplements: analysis of over-the-counter products

    View on PubMed →

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